Since it takes about 30 minutes for caffeine to enter the bloodstream, find a safe place to take a 20-30 minute nap while you’re waiting for the caffeine to take effect; Avoid sleepy times of day. Tamra Johnson Also of note, more than half of all crashes that involved drowsiness occurred in darkness. One such study by Masten et al. Videos. Drivers in this study were volunteers in a federally funded study that involved placing cameras in their vehicles. SHRP 2 Report S2-S31-RW-1. Sleepiness and Driving Don’tMix Feeling sleepy is especially dangerous when you are driving. Using this measure, drowsiness was identified in 8.8%–9.5% of all crashes examined and 10.6%–10.8% of crashes that resulted in significant property damage, airbag deployment, or injury. Antin, J., Stulce, K., Eichelberger, L., & Hankey, J. The sample was generally representative of the driving public with the exception that younger and older drivers were deliberately oversampled. “Our new research shows that a driver who has slept for less than five hours has a crash risk comparable to someone driving drunk.” Another study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety estimated that 7% of all reported crashes, 13% of crashes that resulted in severe injuries, and 16.5% of fatal crashes involved a drowsy driver (Tefft, 2012). Briefly, 3,593 drivers were recruited at various times from six sites around the U.S. to participate in a study in which their driving and in-vehicle behaviors were monitored continuously using in-vehicle cameras and other data collection equipment for a period of several months between October 2010 and December 2013 as they drove in their own vehicles. Experts recommend that adults should sleep for least seven hours each night for optimal health (Watson et al., 2015). Naturalistic Driving Study: Descriptive Comparison of the Study Sample with National Data. Driving is an important part of many Americans’ lives. Sleepiness slows your reaction time, decreases awareness and impairs your judgment, just like drugs or alcohol. Here are some suggestions for ways to avoid driving drowsy: Stop driving if you become sleepy. (2006). This Research Brief describes a study that examined the prevalence of driver drowsiness immediately prior to crashes that occurred in the context of a large-scale naturalistic driving study in which the driving of more than 3,500 people was monitored continuously for a period of several months using in-vehicle cameras and other data collection equipment. Copyright © 2017 AAA, All Rights Reserved. Table 3 shows the number and proportion of crashes in which the driver was found to be drowsy based on PERCLOS calculated over only the final one minute prior to the crash, which enabled the inclusion of 112 additional crashes for which three full minutes of video were not available. (2015) and Antin et al. Drowsy driving is a prevalent and serious public health issue that deserves more attention, education, and policy initiatives so a substantial amount of lives can be saved and disability averted due to drowsy driving accidents. Traffic Safety 2/8/2018 Drowsy Driving: Don’t Be Asleep at the Wheel. “Drowsy driving is a bigger traffic safety issue than federal estimates show,” said Dr. David Yang, executive director for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. This time you were lucky; next time you could become the latest victim of the tragedy of drowsy driving. It is the sum of all our fears. Produced by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, this brochure provides tips on how to avoid driving while sleepy. The driver was classified as drowsy in 8.8% of all crashes by this measure. A study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety estimated that 328,000 drowsy driving crashes occur annually. The data analyzed for this study were collected as a part of the federally funded Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS). For the last decade, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has been committed to strengtheningour understanding of our nation’s traffic safety culture through the annual Traffic Safety Culture Index (TSCI), a nationally representative survey. Drowsy Driving – AAA Exchange “You cannot miss sleep and still expect to be able to safely function behind the wheel,” said Dr. David Yang, executive director for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. DOT HS 812 446). The AAA Exchange was designed to foster communication between AAA and the 59 million members it represents. Having trouble keeping your eyes open and focused; Daydreaming or having wandering, disconnected thoughts; Drifting from your lane or off the road, or tailgating; Yawning frequently or rubbing your eyes repeatedly; Missing signs or driving past your intended exit; Being unable to remember how far you have traveled or what you have recently passed. (2008). Of note, however, is the fact that crashes that occurred in darkness were more than three times as likely as those that occurred during daylight to involve drowsiness. Prevalence of motor vehicle crashes involving drowsy drivers, United States, 1999-2008. Trained data reductionists viewed the final three minutes of video preceding each crash (recorded at 15 frames per second) frame-by-frame and coded whether the driver’s eyelids were open or closed in each frame. NHTSA Drowsy Driving Research and Program … Stutts, J., Knipling, R. R., Pfefer, R., Neuman, T. R., Slack,  K. L., Hardy, K. K. (2005). Read more valuable information on teen driver safety. Results were similar in analyses limited to police-reportable crashes, with 10.6% involving drowsiness. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Prevalence of Drowsy Driving Crashes: Estimates from a Large-Scale Naturalistic Driving Study; The Prevalence and Impact of Drowsy Driving; Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration . The same study found that 109,000 of those drowsy driving crashes resulted in an injury and about 6,400 were fatal. It also surveyed 228 million drivers this past year and says 4.6 million admit to regularly driving when they're so tired they have a hard time keeping their eyes open. Dingus, T. A., Hankey, J. M., Antin, J. F., Lee, S. E., Eichelberger, L., Stulce, K. E., McGraw, D., Perez, M. A.,. These results suggest that driver drowsiness is a substantially larger problem than official government statistics indicate. This study examines in-vehicle video captured in a large naturalistic driving study to estimate the proportion of motor vehicle crashes that involve drowsy driving. That doesn’t stop many of us from driving drowsy, though. According to AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety research: Ninety-six percent of motorists view drowsy driving as very or extremely dangerous, but 24% admitted to driving when they were so tired that they had a hard time keeping their eyes open at least once in the previous 30 days before the survey (2019 Traffic Safety Culture Index). We welcome your feedback and suggestions. “Drowsy driving is a bigger traffic safety issue than federal estimates show,” said Dr. David Yang, executive director for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45(1): 180-186. Overall, the driver was classified as drowsy in 9.5% of all crashes. With the belief that the number of drowsy driving crashes has been under-reported and underestimated, the AAA Foundation conducted a 2010 study, Asleep at the Wheel: The Prevalence and Impact of Drowsy Driving, that presented estimates of the prevalence of drowsy driving on the roads and the proportion of crashes each year that involves a drowsy driver. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Report DOT HS 808 247. Feeling sleepy is especially dangerous when you are driving. The National Sleep Foundation is raising awareness of the danger of driving while drowsy, and educating drivers on sleep safety in an effort to reduce the number of fatigue-related crashes and to ultimately save lives. The Traffic Safety Culture Index (TSCI) is a nationally representative survey that has been conducted annually since 2008 to identify American drivers’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors related to traffic safety issues. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A new study from AAA states that drivers who skimp on the seven hours of sleep experts recommend increase their risk of a crash exponentially. Report No. Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. However, the proportion of crashes found to involve drowsiness did not vary significantly by age in the current study; thus, the over-representation of young drivers should not itself significantly influence the overall results. Founded in 1947, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety is dedicated to saving lives by preventing traffic crashes and reducing injuries when crashes occur. Volume 14: A Guide for Reducing Crashes Involving Drowsy and Distracted Drivers. A high proportion of crashes involved drivers under age 25, a consequence of both their elevated crash rates (Tefft, 2017) and the deliberate oversampling of younger drivers in the SHRP 2 NDS (Antin et al., 2015). The study protocol and sample of drivers are described in detail in Dingus et al. This is the first study to use the validated PERCLOS measure to quantify the proportion of crashes in which the driver was drowsy using pre-crash video from a large sample of crashes that involved members of the U.S. general driving population. Drowsy Driving 2015 (Crash•Stats Brief Statistical Summary. Learn more about aggressive driving risks and tips to avoid aggressive driving behaviors here. (1998). Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., et al. Fatal Crashes Involving Drivers Recorded as Asleep or Fatigued 2013: Analysis Brief. The SHRP  2 NDS involved few crashes that resulted in severe injuries and no fatal crashes; thus, the results of the current study arguably are most directly comparable to the estimates of Tefft (2012) with respect to all crashes taken together, rather than those for crashes that resulted in severe injuries or fatalities. Finally, it is possible that some drivers who did not meet the current study’s criteria for classification as drowsy (i.e., eyes closed for 12 percent or more of the one- or three-minute coding window) may have nonetheless been drowsy at the times of the crashes. Hankey, J. M., Perez, M. A., McClafferty, J. AAA Foundation. (2015). Table 1 shows the breakdown of crashes examined in this study by age and sex of the driver involved, lighting conditions present and the severity of the crash. This study has several limitations that should be noted. (2015). Acute Sleep Deprivation and Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash Involvement. How to Pay for Roads, Bridges, and Transit. The data analyzed for this study were collected as a part of the federally funded Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS). “Drowsy driving is a bigger traffic safety issue than federal estimates show,” said Dr. David Yang, executive director for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Thus, sources of data beyond standard police reports are necessary to develop accurate estimates of the proportion of crashes that involve driver drowsiness. Report No. Read our Privacy Policy. The impact that this has on traffic safety should not be underestimated. Additionally, 23% of crashes were excluded due to inability to see the driver’s eyes well enough to code PERCLOS. The proportion of crashes that involved drowsiness varied significantly in relation to lighting conditions (P < 0.001; Fisher’s exact test), with drowsiness evident in over three times the proportion of crashes in darkness as in daylight. Other studies have attempted to estimate the proportion  of crashes that involve driver drowsiness by developing statistical models that distinguish between crashes that involved drowsiness versus those that did not, based on readily observable crash characteristics, in samples of crashes in which drowsiness was confirmed with some degree of confidence. In 2018, the questionnaire was revamped to include more measures such as perceived danger, risk of arrest, personal and perceived social approval of risky driving, support for laws and policies designed to curtail these be… In fact, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety says that people who sleep 6-7 hours a night are twice as likely to be involved in a crash than are people who sleep 8 hours a night. (26%), the proportion of fatal crashes that occur in darkness is much higher, at 48% (NHTSA, 2017). It is possible that these drivers and their behavior differed somewhat from the population at large; the extent to which they may be more or less likely than members of the general population to drive while drowsy is unknown. Traffic Safety Programs & Materials Drivers under age 25 accounted for more than half of all crash-involved drivers in the current study, compared with 23% of all crashes nationwide (NHTSA, 2017). Report DOT HS 808 These crashes resulted in significant property damage, airbag deployment, rollover, injury, or substantial change in speed associated with the crash impact. Naturalistic Driving Study: Technical Coordination and Quality Control. Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. (2016). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Approximately 31% of crashes examined were classified as severe or moderately severe. In the current study, drowsiness was assessed using the PERCLOS measure, which is the percentage of time that a person’s eyes are closed over a defined measurement interval (Wierwille et al., 1994). Although not all of these crashes were necessarily reported to the police, they were severe enough to have likely met the police-reporting thresholds in most jurisdictions (Hankey et al., 2016). Drowsiness was assessed using a validated measure that is based on the percentage of time that a person’s eyes are closed. Take a mid-afternoon nap and find a place to sleep between midnight and 6 a.m.; and. They then used those models to estimate the proportion of all crashes that involved drowsiness. Dinges, D. F., Mallis, M. M., Maislin, G., Powell, J. W. IV. People who are very sleepy behave in similar ways to people who are drunk. Sleepiness slows your reaction time, decreases awareness and impairs your judgment, just like drugs or alcohol. American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2010. Starting a trip feels exciting, but the alertness wears off, letting boredom and drowsiness take over. In the case of a driver who was not actually asleep at the time of the crash but was operating at a reduced level of alertness, the driver may not even recognize that he or she was drowsy nor that drowsiness may have contributed to the crash. Jackson, M. L., Raj, S., Croft, R., J., Hayley, A. C., Downey, L. A., Kennedy, G. A., Howard, M. E. (2016). Traffic Safety 11/3/2014 More than One-in-Five Fatal Crashes Involve Drowsy Drivers. In addition, the SHRP 2 NDS oversampled younger and older drivers. It’s estimated that 300,000 crashes every year involve drowsy driving, which also contributes to up to 6,400 deaths per year, according to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Briefly, 3,593 drivers were recruited at various times from six sites around the U.S. to participate in a study in which their driving and in-vehicle behaviors were monitored continuously using in-vehicle cameras and other data collection equipment for a period of several months between October 2010 and December 2013 as they drove in t… Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In addition, other studies such as Tefft (2012) have estimated that drowsiness is a factor in a much greater percentage of fatal crashes than in less severe crashes. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (Dawson and Reid, 1997; Powell, 2001) The American Automobile Association (AAA) estimates that one out of every six (16.5%) deadly traffic accidents, and one out of eight (12.5%) crashes requiring hospitalization of car drivers or passengers is due to drowsy driving. Driver drowsiness is an under-reported traffic safety problem, largely because its role in crashes is typically difficult to ascertain. Predicting daytime and nighttime drowsy driving crashes based on crash characteristic models. Stowe, L. (2015). Collectively, these results provide additional suggestive evidence that the proportion of fatal crashes that involve driver drowsiness is likely substantial. Naturalistic driving data can provide a unique window into the state of the driver in the moments leading up to a crash. Moreover, a driver who was drowsy before a crash may appear fully alert afterward and may be reluctant to volunteer to the police that he or she was drowsy. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. NCHRP Report 500. Feeling sleepy is especially dangerous when you are driving. 1 in 3 drivers As in previous studies, the driver was classified as drowsy if the driver’s eyes were closed in 12% or more of the video frames in the three-minute or one-minute period preceding the crash (Wierwille et al., 1994; Hanowski et al., 2008). Traffic Injury Prevention, 17(3): 251-257. In a 2018 AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety survey, nearly all drivers (96%) say they view drowsy driving as a serious threat to their safety and a … The proportion of crashes that involved drowsiness varied significantly in relation to lighting conditions (P < 0.001); variation by age, sex, and crash severity again were not statistically significant (all P ≥ 0.17). TRJohnson@national.aaa.com. We can all use a reminder of the dangers of drowsy driving. (2005), for example, likens crashes in which the police report drowsy driving to the tip of an iceberg, where much of the problem remains out of view beneath the surface. Unlike impairment by substances such as alcohol, there  is no test analogous to a breathalyzer that the police can administer at the roadside to assess a driver’s level of drowsiness at or shortly after the time of a crash. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. As part of the AAA Foundation’s survey, 96% of drivers said they see drowsy driving as “completely unacceptable” behavior that threatens their safety. Stutts et al. Variation by age, sex, and crash severity was not statistically significant (all P > 0.20). Missing one to two hours of sleep doubles a driver’s crash risk, while foregoing two or three hours increases the risk of a crash by 400 percent, according to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety study. The remaining 69% of crashes were of lower severity and generally were not police-reportable. Questions or comments? DOT HS 811 035. Wierwille, W. W., Wreggit, S. S., Kirn, C. L. Ellworth, L. A., & Fairbanks, R. J. While official statistics from the U.S. government indicate that only approximately 1%–2% of all motor vehicle crashes involve drowsy driving, many studies suggest that the true scope of the problem is likely to be much greater. In extreme cases, all relevant information about the driver’s pre-crash state is lost if the driver is deceased and there are no passengers able to provide information about the driver’s pre-crash state. PERCLOS has been shown to be predictive of drowsiness, lapses in attention, and increased variability in lane position (Wierwille et al., 1994; Dinges et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2016). Thus, the results of the current study corroborate the general conclusions of previous studies, namely that crashes involving driver drowsiness are much more prevalent than official statistics indicate. According to a 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ... A 2014 AAA Traffic Safety Foundation study found that 37 percent of drivers report having fallen asleep behind the wheel at some point in their lives. The operational definition of “closed” was that the eyelids were more than 80% closed or covering the pupil. Tefft, B. C. (2012). The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety says six to ten percent of all reported crashes across the U.S. involved drowsy driving. Rates of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Injuries, and Deaths in Relation to Driver Age, United States, 2014-2015 (Research Brief). 50th Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; Chicago, IL; October 2006. 762. The results of this study stand in stark contrast to official statistics published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which report that driver drowsiness was involved in an estimated 1.4% of all police-reported crashes nationwide, 2.0% of crashes that resulted in injuries and 2.4% of crashes that resulted in a death in years 2011–2015 (National Center for Statistics & Analysis, 2017). “Drivers who don’t get enough sleep are putting everyone on the road at risk. People who are very sleepy behave in similar ways to people who are drunk. By applying a validated measure of drowsiness to a sample of crashes captured on video in a large naturalistic driving study involving members of the general driving population, this study found that 8.8%–9.5% of all crashes and 10.6%–10.8% of crashes severe enough to be reported to the police involved driver drowsiness. Getting plenty of sleep (at least six hours) the night before a long trip; Traveling at times when you are normally awake, and staying overnight rather than driving straight through; Scheduling a break every two hours or every 100 miles; Stop driving if you become sleepy; someone who is tired could fall asleep at any time – fatigue impacts reaction time, judgment and vision, causing people who are very sleepy to behave in similar ways to those who are drunk; Not planning to work all day and then drive all night; Drink a caffeinated beverage. In an effort to reduce this alarming trend in traffic safety, AAA presents Fatigued Driving programs to motorists. (2006) estimated that approximately 15% of all drivers involved in fatal crashes in the U.S. were drowsy. Masten, S. V., Stutts, J. C., Martell, C.A. Hanowski, R. J., Blanco, M., Nakata, A., et al. With fall activities in full swing and the end of daylight saving time, there is a greater risk for drowsiness behind the wheel. This is the National Sleep Foundation's Drowsy Driving Prevention Week, and the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has completed a new survey with data indicating that one in … [2016] provides a detailed description of the classification of crash severity in the SHRP 2 NDS.) Sleepiness can impair driving performance as much or more so than alcohol, studies show. Crashes in which the driver’s eyes were not visible for  at least 75% of the coding period (e.g., due to glare, dark sunglasses, or poor video quality) or in which the driver was not in the driver’s seat for the entire coding period were also excluded (n=204). While the proportion of crashes that occurred in darkness in the current study was similar to the corresponding proportion among all police-reported crashes nationwide Download ». The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety’s report, Prevalence of Drowsy Driving Crashes: Estimates from a Large-Scale Naturalistic Driving Study, is based on the analysis of in-vehicle video footage of crashes that occurred during the Second Strategic Highway Research Program’s Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS). A. We urge motorists to get the full recommended amount of … Table 2 shows the number and proportion of crashes in which the driver was found to be drowsy based on PERCLOS calculated over the three minutes immediately prior to the crash. Results were similar in analyses limited to police-reportable crashes, with 10.8% of these higher-severity crashes involving drowsiness. Aggressive driving has increasingly become a major cause of concern for many road users. The impact that this has on … National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drowsy Driving doesn’t get as much attention as things like road rage, driver distraction, & drunk driving. Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. References. Traffic Safety 12/6/2016 Missing 1-2 Hours of Sleep Doubles Crash Risk. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Drowsy driving is a serious problem in the United States. Driver Behavior & Performance. Results indicated that observable driver drowsiness, assessed on the basis of eyelid closures, was present in an estimated 8.8%–9.5% of all crashes and 10.6%–10.8% of those severe enough to be reportable to the police. Senior Researcher, Traffic Research Group, Sign-up to be notified of the latest Foundation research releases and news, 607 14th Street NW  //  Suite 201  //  Washington, DC 20005 // © 2020 AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. (2015). (2017, October). SHRP 2 Report S2-S06-RW-1. The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety's report, Prevalence of Drowsy Driving Crashes: Estimates from a Large-Scale Naturalistic Driving Study, is based on the analysis of in-vehicle video footage of crashes that occurred during the Second Strategic Highway Research … “Unfortunately, drivers often underestimate this risk and overestimate their ability to combat drowsiness behind the wheel.” The final one minute of video preceding the crash was analyzed if three full minutes of usable data were not available. Hanowski, R. J., Stulce, K., Eichelberger, L., & Hankey, J, &,. Relation to driver age, United States, 2014-2015 ( Research Brief ) foster communication AAA! Nds oversampled younger and older drivers closed ” was that the proportion of motor vehicle that! Evidence that the proportion of fatal crashes involving drowsiness of Techniques for Ocular as! On Vehicle-Based driver Status/Performance Monitoring ; Development, Validation, and crash in! 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