45 degree work, 30 degree travel, lay root pass using slight whipping motion, use weave motion on … The second angle used in welding is the travel angle. In fact, you can make things worse if you don't take the time to do your fit-up correctly. Move the arc backward over the crater, and then move forward again and continue the weld. google_ad_slot = "6853920422"; The travel angle is that angle which is defined when the gun is in a perpendicular position within the joint plane. The angle at which you hold the electrode greatly affects the shape of the weld bead which is very important in fillet and deep groove welding. Some stick machines also have a setting known as Dig. In the diagram on the right, the travel angle shows a 5-10 degree tilt along the joint. You can increase the length of the arc to reduce heat to the puddle or to limit the deposition of weld metal. The angle is measured in the plane containing the weld axis and the electrode axis. Welders refer to charts from welding machine and electrode manufacturers, or a welding procedure specification (WPS) for their current settings, or try welding on sample plates of the same thickness to see what works best. Normally, when the travel speed is too fast, the molten pool cools too quickly, locking in impurities and causing the weld bead to be narrow with pointed ripples, as shown in figure 7-12, view D. On the other hand, if the travel speed is too slow, the metal deposit piles up excessively and the weld is high and wide, as shown in figure 7-12, view E. In most cases, the limiting factor is the highest speed that produces a satisfactory surface appearance of a normal weld, as shown in figure 7-12, view A. There shouldn't be any burrs, gaps or evenness. A metallurgy class teaches welders the many forms of heat treatment and their advantages - like hardening, tempering and annealing. Also, don't overweld or make a weld that is larger than necessary for the sake of joint strength—this may lead to burn-through. (In MIG welding, steeper angles are possible than in stick welding.) ------------------------------------------, Copyright © 2012-2015 TheCityEdition.com, Improving Your Stick Welding Technique MillerWelds.com, Open root v groove butt joint 3G vertical up video, Using CLAMS paramenters in Stick Welding Cleaning your weld edges in advance is also important. a. See Weld Defects for more on this subject. The welding process is described as MAG welding with metal cored electrode and is marked as 138 according the ISO standards. Stick and wire welding require different angles. © Copyright Integrated Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The image below shows you the travel angle. Angle - There are two torch angles to remember when welding. This process aids in relieving built-up stresses and preventing surface cracking in the joint area; however, peening should be done with care because excess hammering can work harden and increase stresses in the weld. Pull b. This procedure fills the crater and prevents porosity and slag inclusions. You should also tack your plates and use clamps as needed to prevent the joint from closing up in advance of the weld, or other distortion caused by heat. (AWS Welding … Travel Angle: the degree of the travel angle, whether a push or drag travel angle, affects how much of the arc force is directed down into the base plate. Size: The thickness of the base metal should factor into the decision about which diameter electrode, rod, wire or torch tip you use to make the weld, as well as your voltage, wirespeed and/or current settings. The following chart shows how some CLAMS variables impact a weld bead: In the last two examples, "WFS" stands for wirefeed speed, which is how MIG and flux cored welding machines regulate current. In MIG/flux cored, the machines provides Constant Voltage (CV), so the welder usually only sets the current. The travel angle is the angle of the wire as it travels along the weld path. This is the relationship between the torch and line of travel. When you are push welding you are forehand welding. And while low-carbon steel is much easier to work with than other metals, you should still adopt the habit of cleaning or grinding the areas you plan to weld. When learning any new process you'll likely start off doing things wrong. But if it crosses 20 degrees, it may result in weak penetration and instability of the arc. If the angle reaches 20-25 degrees it’s likely to reduce the penetration, increase the level of spatter and may even interfere with the stability of the arc. The most commonly used method to break the arc is to hold the electrode stationary until the crater is filled and then slowly withdraw the electrode. Technically it is the angle your electrode takes (or the centerline of your torch/gun) in reference to the line which is at a right angle to the welds axis and the weld axis plane. Hold the electrode perpendicular to the joint, and then tilt the top in the direction of travel approximately 5 to 15 degrees. google_ad_width = 120; Beginner welders tend to move the rod too quickly, especially those who are transitioning to arc welding from another welding process. Work angle is the angle from the horizontal measured at right angles to the direction of welding (fig, 7-15). The travel angle is also known as the drag or push angle. What polarity does GMAW-P require? Speed - If you move too fast, the size of the weld will be small and achieve insufficient penetration. Work angle is especially important in multiple-pass fillet welding. Correcting the problem is relatively simple: reduce the welding current, decrease the welding arc voltage and adjust your MIG gun angle toward the joint. Traveling angle denotes to the perpendicular position of the gun whilst working angle is more important as it denotes to the position of the gun in relation to the welding joint angle. A is for Angle of Electrode. With stick welding, maintain a 20° to 30° lead angle in the dragging direction. for downhill mig, a 90 degree works but a pull torch angle of up to 20 deg seems to work better at keeping the puddle pushed back from the arc. Arc welding students remember most of them by reciting the acronym "CLAMS", since each letter stands for a welding parameter. For wire welding, Hoes and Liesner recommend holding the gun at a 10 to 15-degree angle. 2F is a fillet weld position, in which the welding is done on the upper side of the surfaces that is approximately horizontal that lies against a surface that is approximately vertical. As described in Types of Beads, a weave, whip, drag or push motion are all examples of manipulation. The first is the work angle, which is the relationship between the joint and the torch (or rod). The big exception to the rule is T-joints, where the work angle varies between 30 to 50 degrees. The second angle used in welding is the travel angle. In order to see the joint and puddle, the welder may tip the rod up to 10 degrees in the direction of travel, or sometimes against the direction of travel. A steady motion is the most basic technique and requires the MIG welder be set exactly as needed. In a wirefeed operation (i.e. A typical pipe butt weld set-up would be 60° included angle, 1mm to 2mm root gap and a zero to 1.5mm thick root face. The word 'travel' describes the movement of your torch. Normal welding conditions in all positions call for a travel angle of 5 to 15 degrees. The maximum speed of welding depends on the skill of the operator, the position of the weld, the type of electrode, and the required joint penetration. As for the face of the weld, it should lie in an approximately vertical plane. Rod angle, arc length, travel speed and welding motion are illustrated with photos and videos, and a video shows the effect of varying the arc length. In other words, if you're using a 1/8 inch rod, hold it 1/8 inch from the joint surface. Strike the tip of the new electrode at the forward (cold) end of the crater and establish an arc. Travel speed is the rate at which the electrode travels along a weld seam. Manipulation - This refers to the movement of the welder's hand as he or she guides the electrode along the joint. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) – commonly known as ‘stick welding’ – is one of the most widely used welding processes for joining metal. For this reason, students also learn the difference between Electrode StickOut (the wire length from the contact tip) and Contact-To-Work-Distance . Also, when the rate of voltage is too low, the weld bead sits on top of the base metal rather than penetrating into it. For a 2F horizontal Tee, I used a slight drag pull angle of around 5-10 degrees. Here's the list: Current - Amperage generally dictates the size and penetration of a weld bead when you're moving your torch at the right speed. What working angles are required for each pass of a multi-passive fillet T-joint weld in horizontal position? That's because the quench has a sort of traumatizing effect to the metal and can make it brittle. The types of welds, joints, and welding positions used in manual-shielded metal arc welding are very similar to those used in oxygas welding. Peening is a procedure that involves lightly hammering a weld as it cools. As you can see in the first diagram, the angle of the torch to the work piece (left) is 90 degrees, allowing maximum heat and current focused down into the open groove butt joint. a. The principle of metal cored wire welding is given in the picture below. MIG or flux-cored welding), the wire electrode is held farther away from the joint than in stick welding. Alternating current b. M is for manipulation of electrode. Travel Speed In most cases, weld penetration into a base material is increased when the travel speed of a weld is increased, and vice versa. So voltage determines the overall profile, or geometry, of the weld. a. Argon and Oxygen b. Work angle is “the relationship between the axis of the electrode to the welders work piece.” Travel angle refers to employing either a push angle (pointing in the direction of travel) or a drag angle, when the electrode is pointed opposite of travel. The mass of your work pieces also has an effect, with tinier work pieces heating up much faster than large, heavy pieces.. Low-carbon steel can be very forgiving when overheated, but other metals may lose their tensile strength or other qualities if you don't monitor the heat going in and out of the plates or pipe. /* 120x600, created 3/17/09 */ As a student, it's easy to assume that once the metal heats up, everything falls together naturally and all the little rough spots will disappear like magic. A standard traveling angle should be between 5 – 15 degrees. google_ad_client = "pub-0048113051831248"; Where access to the reverse side of the joint is available, the condition of the penetration bead is less important as the root bead can be ground to sound metal and a sealing pass deposited. Normally, a small variance of the work angle will not affect the appearance or quality of a weld; however, when undercuts occur in the vertical section of a fillet weld, the angle of the arc should be lowered and the electrode directed more toward the vertical section. When you are welding a joint that has the same thickness then your work angle will take place in the center of the joint. Ideally, you'll hold your torch perpendicular, or 90 degrees, to the joint. The flame will be pointed in the welding direction. With a fillet (tee) weld, hold the rod or wire (regardless of weld process) at a 45° angle between the two pieces of metal. so does a slight push angle of up to about 10 degrees. The most common travel angle is called a drag angle in which the electrode points in a direction opposite that of the arc travel. (Think of this as the front view of the work plates.) For welding vertical up, use a push or forehand technique and tilt the top of the electrode 0 to 15 degrees away from the direction of travel. google_ad_height = 600; If a large drag angle is utilized, air may be drawn into the shielding gas and contaminate the weld. Similar to MAG welding torch position and angles can be applied (however rutile flux cored will require different techniques). Variations in the ESO or CTWD affect the amount of the current going into the joint, regardless of the wirespeed setting on the machine. The work and travel angle is the angle you have the torch at in relation to the base metal (where you are going to weld). Travel angle is the angle in the direction of welding and may vary from 5 to 30 degrees, depending on the welder's choice and conditions (fig. 2. A travel angle of 0° to 10° (i.e., the electrode perpendicular or mostly perpendicular to the plate) will result in more weld penetration. In stick welding, the welder sets the voltage directly but not the current, so the machines are referred to as Constant Current (CC). Push c. Drag d. This depends upon the welding position. The tip should form an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the plate surface. Needless to say, the angle of your beveled sides should be appropriate for the thickness of the metal and the welding process being used. When it becomes necessary to reestablish the arc (as in a long weld that requires the use of more than one electrode), the crater must first be cleaned before striking the arc. Speed: Watch the welding puddles and ridge (where the molten metal solidifies). This gives the welder a better view of what's going on in the puddle. In order to see the joint and puddle, the welder may tip the rod up to 10 degrees in the direction of travel, or sometimes against the direction of travel. Held close to the work plates, the current and heat in the weld remains high. //-->, Welder Qualification Test Via Advice section, Open root v groove butt joint 3G vertical up. The basics of a steady motion are the hotter the setting in most cases the better the weld. The flame is pointed in the direction of welding and directed between the rod and the molten puddle. Although the photos above don't show it, too long of an arc can cause porosity (air bubbles) inside the weld, spatter on the base metal and undercutting at the toes of the joint. It comes down to machine settings, electrode angle and travel speed. Going beyond 25 degrees increases spatter decreases arc stability and leads to less penetration. At slower travel speeds, the arc is directly above the center of the molten weld pool. Direct current reverse polarity c. Direct current straight polarity d. Direct current electrode negative Two inert gases used in GMAW are . TheFabricator.com,