Cartwright, Mark. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. The Barcid was the main driver of the conflict between Carthage and Rome. The 25-year old general sailed from Ostia and quickly made his mark on the war by a shock capture of the main Carthaginian supply base and treasury in Spain, Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena) in 209 BCE. Their city had suffered too much in the war and in its aftermath during the ‘Mercenary War’ and there was a strong pro-peace party in the city. The Second Punic War happened between 218 BC and 201 BC. They were then herded back in the direction of the Carthaginians to cause havoc there. At the same time in Italy, Hannibal was still holding out despite facing armies twice the size of his own force. He supplemented his own force with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army with a corps of 100 elephants. Carthaginian War Elephantsby The Creative Assembly (Copyright). While the first two wars were among the largest ever fought at the time and took place all over Europe and North Africa, most of the Third Punic War took place in and around Tunisia. While with the Carthaginians, their general/leader for the war was a military genius. In 205 BCE, after being appointed consul, Scipio crossed the Mediterranean to Sicily and strengthened his army. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. ... that ended the Second Punic War to attack Carthage. Sawed Salt in the soil, no nothing would would ever grow there again ... What's the effects of LATIFUNDIA. 50,000 of the enemy were killed compared to 5,700 on Carthaginian side, most of those being Gauls. After Scipio sent a force to establish Masinissa on the throne and capture Syphax, the Numidian threat was removed. The expected break-up of Rome’s hegemony and a mass Gaul uprising did not happen. There followed another quick victory against a 4,000-strong Carthaginian cavalry force. Their replacement in Spain was the proconsul Publius Cornelius Scipio whose later exploits would allow him to add an ‘Africanus’ to his name. While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa. The two commanders actually met in person in a conference where Hannibal perhaps requested a peace settlement but Scipio was probably keen to end the long war with a showpiece battle and earn himself a triumph back in Rome. A similar sized army was sent in an unsuccessful attempt to take Sardinia back for Carthage. The first Punic War was fought over the control of Sicily and the Western Mediterranean. In both wars, the Carthaginians had also been made to pay Rome massive reparations. The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifted commanders in history, but the Romans had their own great general Scipio Africanus, and it was he who attacked Carthage on home soil, beating Hannibal and delivering final victory. The two sides did not clash, rather, each established a camp to see out the winter. In 212-211 BCE, when Capua was besieged by six Roman legions, Hannibal tried to make them withdraw by feigning a march on Rome, but the ruse failed. this was the beginning of a real 'empire'. The Start of the First Punic War. Scipio preferred to focus on Spain and won another victory, again against a more numerous opponent, at Ilipa in 206 BCE. In the so-called Truceless War (also Mercenary War) between 241 and 237 BCE, Carthage had to put down a joint rebellion of mercenary troops, understandably upset at not having been paid for their efforts in the first Punic War, Libyan groups, and several cities such as Tunis and Utica. All rights reserved. Remember to cite your sources. They were never really helpful militarily to the Carthaginians. Battle of Mylae. • the war left Rome in control - for the first time - of Cisapline Gaul, Sicily, Sardinia and Spain (which they decided to keep) - i.e. Led by Mago, Hannibal’s brother, the 14,000-strong force suffered from an inability to land closer to Hannibal’s army because of Roman naval dominance and their control of the major ports. Scipio immediately defeated a contingent of 500 Carthaginian cavalry and then had his army boosted by the arrival of Masinissa’s Numidian cavalry. Meanwhile, Rome seized control of Sardinia which had been Carthage’s most important source of grain. Two strategic mistakes which would be regretted by the Carthaginians. Rome, with its greatest enemy crushed, was now, and would remain for centuries, the unchallenged master of the Mediterranean. Disclaimer Regarding Use of Course Material. He had set off with 90,000 soldiers and 12,000 cavalry, and on arrival he had at his disposal only 20,000 men and half his original cavalry. The strategy of Fabius, although interrupted occasionally by zealous commanders eager for glory in their one year of office as consul, was slowly working and, relentlessly, the Romans backed Hannibal into an ever-smaller pocket so that by 207 BCE he controlled only Bruttium. Ancient History Encyclopedia. "Second Punic War." The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, one of the most gifted commanders in history, but the Romans had their own great general Scipio Africanus, an… The Second Punic War or the Hannibalic War lasted sixteen years from 218 BC to 202 BC and was fought between the two major powers of Rome and Carthage. In the Shadow of the Furies: A Novel of the Second Punic War, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Related Content The difficult journey lost him a significant portion of his army but the losses were more to do with fighting hostile Gallic tribes and desertions than the elements. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. However, by the end of the second century, large numbers of slaves were pouring into Rome, either as prisoners of war or purchased abroad by the new wealthy class of Romans who now employed large staffs of domestic servants or invested as slaves as business ventures. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. The result of this spectacular campaign was that most of the city-states of southern Italy defected to the Carthaginian cause, including Italy’s second most important city, Capua. Hannibal’s mix of Italian veterans and new recruits numbered some 45,000 men and included 2,000 Numidian cavalry from their ally Tychaeus. Back in Spain, Scipio Africanus was gaining local allies, and he defeated a Carthaginian army led by Hasdrubal at Baecula in 208 BCE. Consequences Of The Second Punic War. The Start of the Second Punic War 218 BC. Syphax would later defect to the Carthaginians, and the Roman Senate was initially against an invasion, but eventually Scipio got his backing and was ready to strike at the soft underbelly of the Carthaginian held territories in Africa, just as Hannibal was doing in southern Italy. The War with Hannibal: The History of Rome from Its Foundation, Books... Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. Rome Builds Navy Fleet. The Carthaginian general was faced with the problem that he simply did not have the manpower to keep control of all his newly acquired territory. The biggest spectacle of the Second Punic War was the rise of Hannibal … Early in the spring of 218 BC, Hannibal set out from Carthago Nova, … Hannibal seemed unstoppable. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. And, in the final battle at Zama, Scipio had shown what could be achieved by adapting standard tactics to defeat specific enemies.   Terms. These defeats now put the city of Carthage itself in danger and necessitated the return of Hannibal from Italy to defend the homeland. Soon Rome had the largest fleet in the Mediterranean. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. Before leaving Spain, however, Hannibal was well aware that Roman forces intended for him would try to meet him there. Cartwright, M. (2016, May 29). The Second Punic War brought about the downfall of the established balance of power of the ancient world and Rome rose to become the supreme power in the Mediterranean region for the coming 600 years. Another victory came near Lake Trasimene in June 217 BCE where 15,000 Romans were killed and 10,000 captured. It would be a lesson well-learned and repeated again and again by the Roman army, now well-practised at fighting in multiple theatres simultaneously. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. He had lost his power over Mediterranean Sea; losing Sicily and the compensation imposed on him by Rome greatly affected his economy. The second Punic War lasted 218-201 B.C.for 17 years. However, all the Latin colonies and central Italy remained loyal to Rome and this meant that Hannibal’s new acquisitions had to be constantly defended. Rome might have feared a land battle but they were still masters of the seas, and this meant that Hannibal could not be resupplied. Most of the leadership in Cartha… While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. The Second Punic War was often known as Hannibal’s War in Rome.It was in a real sense the personal war of Hannibal.   Privacy Keep up the good work. Before the Second Punic War slaves were employed on a relatively small scale. Course Hero, Inc. ” With 17 years of battle causing heavy casualties to be suffered on both sides, the Second Punic War has proven to be an important time period in the Roman and Carthaginian empires. A Roman army was then defeated in Gaul in 216 BCE, but their fortunes slowly began to improve. https://www.ancient.eu/Second_Punic_War/. Once again, though, Rome’s seemingly inexhaustible resources in men, ships, and money, combined with skills on the battlefield and command of the seas, had ensured Rome could replenish losses more easily than Carthage. Carthaginian territory was then turned into the province of Africa by the Roman. Carthage was in a difficult situation after the defeat of the First Punic War. Macedon too was brought into the war. Scipio’s cavalry wings crushed the enemy and the African infantry collapsed. Campaigns of the Second Punic Warby YassineMrabet (GNU FDL). The Socii The theatres of war in Spain, Sicily, and Italy were now almost played out and attention turned to Africa. which was for 23 years. List of battles of the Second Punic War. By now Carthage controlled half of the Iberian Peninsula. Rome forced Carthage to pay for damages after the war, so Carthage had very little left to pay the mercenaries. Battle of Lilybaeum – A Roman fleet of 20 quinqueremes defeated a Carthaginian fleet of 35 galleys. Hannibal rose to become a great leader of the Carthaginians that can be regarded as a huge spectacle of the war. The Second Punic War was lost and Hannibal sued for peace terms. Scipio Africanus the Elderby Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). In typical fashion, the Carthaginian general used the terrain to his advantage, this time putting his 50,000 troops close to the River Aufidus; he constrained the eight legions of the enemy to do likewise and thus restricted their possibility of manoeuvre and gain advantage from their greater numbers. Rise and Fall of Hannibal. Carthage was destroyed after a relatively brief and one-sided war. "Second Punic War." The First Punic War had been tremendously costly to both sides but Rome’s seemingly inexhaustible resources, especially its capacity to renew large naval fleets meant that, ultimately, Carthage could not compete with the Mediterranean’s newest superpower. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. They had long since had control of the old Phoenician colonies there, and it had already proven a rich source of silver. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. This huge force moved towards Utica to relieve the siege in 203 BCE. Meanwhile, the war was widening. License. How did the outcome the punic wars lead to the rise of rome? The Second Punic War was fought between Rome, Carthage, and their mutual allies. The Second Punic War. Accordingly, Hamilcar Barca was despatched in 237 BCE to expand Carthaginian territory, which he did, establishing his base at Gades (Cadiz) and founding a new city of Acra Leuce. On Sicily, the Carthaginians lost their useful ally, Syracuse. In the First Punic War, to gain control of Sicily. The Mercenary War & The Second Punic War . Spain, which definitely had a great impact on the final outcome of the war. 1. Scipio fielded 30,000 infantry and 5,500 cavalry, which included 6,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry from Masinissa. Marcellus shipped large amounts of Greek art back to Rome in a novel method of impressing the populace with his success. Rome had a far superior navy, but Carthage had the best commander in Hannibal. Carthage sent an army to Liguria in northern Italy in 205 BCE. ...The Punic Wars were 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage that lasted from 264 to 146 B.C. Rome entered the Second Punic War as the dominant city in Italy..., yet emerged as a world power'. Cite This Work An army of 13,500 men and corps of elephants were redirected by Carthage to Spain instead of Hannibal in Italy. Realising they were up against one of history’s greatest commanders, Rome changed tactics and adopted a policy of avoiding Hannibal in direct battle, instead fighting only his allies. University of the People is a 501(c)(3) not for profit organization. Spain, the original flashpoint of the war, was now cleared of Carthaginian forces. The Second Punic war “was the greatest and most dangerous one Rome was compelled to fight on their way to the conquest of the Mediterranean. The Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal … The first Punic War lasted from 264-241 B.C. Second Punic War. He secured Spain with an army of about 16,000 men under the command of Hasdrubal and took 80,000 infantry, 12,000 Numidian and Iberian cavalry and a number of elephants with him on his march. September- Hannibal defeated the Gaul Volcae tribe in the Battle of Rhone Crossing. The Second Punic War After their defeat in the first Punic War, Carthage regrouped and poised for another attack. 12 Dec 2020. The Romans also took possession of southern Spain. It is said that the Romans. Both Syracuse and Tarentum defected to Carthage in 214 and 212 BCE respectively, but Hannibal was being left without support in Italy. The outcome of the First Punic War was a resounding victory to Rome and the Carthage leadership signing a peace treaty advising as such. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Hannibal destroys the Roman army at Cannae in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. The forces involved, and the casualties suffered by both sides, were far … Last modified May 29, 2016. With reinforcements coming from an army led by Hasdrubal, the Carthaginians and their Numidian allies managed to muster another army of 30,000 infantry. Then, in 204 BCE, with a force of around 30,000 men and 440 ships, he crossed to North Africa in three days. What were the outcomes of the second Punic War? What were the outcomes of the second Punic War Hannibal along with a massive, 3 out of 4 people found this document helpful. Causes of the Second Punic War The Second Punic war “was the greatest and most dangerous one Rome was compelled to fight on their way to the conquest of the Mediterranean.” With 17 years of battle causing heavy casualties to be suffered on both sides, the Second Punic War has proven to be an important time period in the Roman and Carthaginian empires. In October 202 BCE, the armies of Hannibal and Scipio met on a plain in western Tunisia near Naraggara. It lasted between 218 and 201 BC. (Punic Wars, 2009) However, the Romans retaliated, winning engagements fought at Spain and North Africa due to the leadership of Publius Cornelius Scipio. Nevertheless, Carthage recovered from the Second Punic War relatively quickly and coins and trade goods from this period have be… Cornelius Scipio Calvus were killed and their armies seriously defeated in the Tader valley in 211 BCE. The clock was ticking and Rome had time on their side. But what were the results of the wars? He invaded ever deeper inland and then besieged and conquered Saguntum (modern Sagunto, just north of Valencia), a long-time ally of Rome, in 219 BCE. Carthage made overtures for peace in 203 BCE, perhaps only to allow Hannibal time to come back home as indicated by their treatment of a Roman transport fleet blown off course in 202 BCE. Hannibal had defeated several large Roman armies, but Rome itself, as in the First Punic War, seemed immune to the losses. The third and final war lasted 49-146 B.C, for 3 years. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Carthage declined and Rome declared war in March 218 BCE. Carthage had lost the First Punic War (264-241 BCE) and control of Sicily, then again it had been defeated in the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) and so lost its Spanish empire, its fleet, and independence of military action. Expert Answer . For Carthage it would be the very last throw of the dice. Web. 20,000 Carthaginians had fallen while Rome suffered fewer than 5,000 fatalities. These were supplemented with sympathetic Gauls from northern Italy and the Carthaginian pressed on regardless. ... Second Punic War begins. What were the outcomes of the second Punic War? The raids were hugely successful and devastated the enemy. In 226 BCE Hasdrubal had signed an agreement with Rome, concerned at Carthage’s expanding empire, not to cross the River Ebro in southern Spain, but Hannibal, now in overall command in Spain, was more ambitious. The Second Punic War was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. This action had the consent of the Carthaginian government but it would prove one move too far for the Romans who, having by now dealt with the troublesome northern Gauls and Illyria, demanded Hannibal be handed over for suitable punishment. Still, a lot was happening in the Carthage backyard, i.e. Wherever Hannibal was not, the Romans would attack. In the Second Punic War, various Roman commanders faced Hannibal, leader of the forces of Carthaginians, their allies, and mercenaries.Four major Roman commanders made a name for themselves in the following main battles of the second Punic War. By Carthage to pay Rome massive reparations enemy while his cavalry attacked the,. Strategic mistakes which would be the very last throw of the War already proven rich! Had the best commander in Hannibal, however, Hannibal was not, the Romans and them! Educational use by the arrival of Masinissa ’ s hegemony and a mass Gaul uprising did not happen aware Roman. 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