By degrading several complete DNA files, we can observe how degradation could affect DNA analysis results. But several interesting characteristics were discovered. Tracey Bryan started this petition to The Honourable John Rau, MP (The Attorney-General of South Australia) Available: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/snp. looks like a spiral [2]. This may provide clues to the country where it was purchased. structure. Tamam Shud Case; Further reading. In this project, the DNA data analysis would only focus on autosomes. The aim of this task is to have a basic understanding of the DNA reference file and DNA analysis techniques. THE BLOG THAT BROKE THE SOMERTON MAN CODE; THE SOMERTON MAN MYSTERY 2020, The Tamam Shud case. By Paul Rincon Science editor, BBC News website. But several interesting characteristics were discovered. Several risks occurred during the progress. The first goal of this task is to evaluate the quality of the file including counting the total amount of SNPs and the amount of available (non-empty) SNPs. With such low portion of available SNP, limited DNA analysis techniques can be conducted on the file. image copyright Thinkstock. According to the result of task 2 and task 4, the degradation process would have huge effect on the match results of a human DNA data. DNA results of individuals. genetic information as a sequence built up with four types of nitrogen bases which The first major region proportion has reduced 4.64% and the second region proportion has increased for 3.32%. Unfortunately the website rejects to process the Somerton Man's data to use the one-to-many tool since the file did not meet the minimum requirements of 2000 SNPs for each chromosome. 28, 2019. Available: https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/115004459928-Raw-Data- Technical-Details. [Online]. UPDATE: Somerton Man's DNA may be linked to Thomas Jefferson's descendants. [Accessed: 03- Jun- 2019]. [15] Davidski. Processing the results could reportedly take up to a year. In February 2018, the University of Adelaide team obtained a high definition analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from the hair sample from Somerton Man. 2 sample DNA reference files were degraded into 9 files at different levels from 90% to 10% SNPs remaining. The top 30 match results for each degraded DNA kit would be recorded and compare with the results of their original kit. This could require a large amount of DNA samples for discovering common SNPs which could be a challenge. Therefore the top two major ethnicity of the Somerton Man are North Atlantic and Baltic, where these two regions are mostly around Europe. The DNA sample used in figure 22 is a completely different one from the samples used in figure 21. In February 2018, the University of Adelaide team obtained a high definition analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from the hair sample from Somerton Man. So far most work that can operated with the Somerton Man's DNA. He had one unsmoked cigarette tucked behind his ear and another more-than-half smoked cigarette nuzzled between his cheek and his coat’s collar. (2019). Relating this back to the Somerton Man, only 50% of DNA is needed from the Somerton Man to undergo further research. Picture Credit: ABC News. Most SNPs do not effect health of owner. The next algorithm performed was the opposite of the first algorithm. According to the ethnicity reports shown in those figures, the proportion of the largest and second largest ethnicity regions of sample DNA file 1 have changed to 83.13% to 78.66% and 14.82% to 18.14% after degradation process. The proportion of first 2 largest ethnicity regions of each degraded files have been plotted on line graphs. Published. Byron Deveson, lifted from Cipher Mysteries. Comparison between mysterious code and horses’ name Figure 4. Who the Somerton Man is will still be a mystery. The site become well known after law enforcement in California use it for the Golden State Killer case and are commonly used by all law enforcement in United States. To approach the goals of the project, the team firstly evaluates the DNA data and try to conduct DNA analysis via different genetic services. Theory 1: The Somerton Man was the father of Jestyn’s son, Robin. When a DNA raw data reference file is updated, it will be stored as a kit in GEDmatch database, and be compared with other kits in the public database. However, error bars or standard errors of each region become larger, as more SNPs are removed, which indicate that as more SNPs being removed, the proportions presented in ethnicity reports become less accurate. The second goal is to conduct some DNA analysis on the DNA reference file. GEDmatch is a website that has an open data personal genomics database and provide tools for DNA and genealogy research. Column Total cM shows the total centimorgan which is a measure of genetic linkage between the 2 DNA kits. The rsid is a unique id used to identify a specific SNP. Several simple recovery algorithms were implemented. I know some bodies can decay to the point where you can’t get DNA, but now that anyone’s DNA can be run though a public site are unidentified dead bodies still a thing for people whose DNA can be collected? Somerton man Figure 2. Later the man was called as the Somerton Man. among human beings. Virtual reality specialist Daniel Voshart conducted a facial reconstruction of the mysterious 'Somerton Man' who was found at Somerton Park Beach, south of Adelaide, on December 1, 1948. It was be­lieved he had died while sleeping. With the API provided by dbSNP, connection to dbSNP was established and each rsid of the extracted SNP was sent. Abbott also tracked down the Barbour waxed cotton of the period and found packaging variations. [online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome [Accessed 2 Jun. In order to satisfy the minimum requirements of GEDmatch, a data recovery work would be required which will be introduced in the next task. On December 10th the body was embalmed, the first time anyone could remember this happening to an unidentified person. Python language was used for development since it is convenient for web development. The Somerton Man and what may have ailed him. This will see if the two DNA results, have the same undefinable DNA percentage. Mortuary photo of the unknown man found dead on Somerton Beach, south of Adelaide, Australia, in December 1948. [Accessed: 02- Jun- 2019]. Chromosome is an integrated package of DNA molecules. Abbott has twice petitioned to exhume the Somerton Man’s body for DNA, requests that were denied both times. dbSNP provides only a brief description of the clinical effects. On this week's episode of Mamamia's crime podcast True Crime Conversations, Ellis-Jones says she believes Joe did know the Somerton Man, and according to a wealth of evidence explored in the podcast, the son belonging to Joe, also belonged to … Since all degraded files except the degraded files with 10% SNPs remaining have more than 30 match kits, the number of false negatives and false positives are same. The Somerton Man's case is one of the most mysterious case in South Australia until today. 22 pairs are called autosomes which are common for both As the figure shown, there are more than 0.6 million SNPs in the files, but only about 2% of them have determined base pairs. A website called GEDmatch was used for conducting DNA analysis. He was lying back with his head rest­ing against the sea­wall, with his legs ex­tended and his feet crossed. A screenshot of a sample file is shown below. With the developed program, multiple artificial DNA kits which have 2000 SNPs in each chromosome were created. But there is always at least one member attend the meeting with the supervisor. Each SNP represents a difference in a nucleotide which is Figure 21 present line graph of the number of false negatives and false positives against degradation levels. The remains of a 23 year-old man, who was killed by a blow to the face, were discovered to be at least 9,000 years old. [8] “Cryptic Note On Body” The News, June 6, 1949, p. 1 [online]. There have been many arguments against H. C. Reynolds being the Somerton Man by people close to the case, but a professor who examined the photo finds the theory plausible. With the support of data mining program, 613905 SNPs were searched in the database and 574 diseases were found. The last column, genotype, is the column for base pairs of variants (A, T, G, C). Available: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/36371152. To search the clinical effects of SNPs, the team developed a data mining program that collects information in SNP database. Picture Credit: 9news, H. C. Reynolds Identifcation Card. However, the Thompson/Thomson family have long established heritage in the USA: The main topic of the project is human identification using software programming and genetic analysis techniques. It would surprise me if it had not now … Figure 7: SNPs counting results of Somerton man DNA file. But the trend are similar. Was the Somerton Man a Prospector .. ? Then the Somerton Man's DNA reference file was uploaded to GEDmatch to be used on the one-to-many tool. And false negatives would present kits that are matched with original kit but not with the degraded one. The project aims to investigate the identification of the Somerton man by means of studying his DNA data provided. The diseases names are recorded in disease name column. Figure 12 is a map that indicates the areas of Baltic region and Figure 13 shows North Atlantic region. Maybe Somerton Man was someone Thomson knew, maybe a friend, but maybe just an acquaintance. Post Comments Therefore, the chance that no DNA kit in the database is related to Somerton Man is nearly impossible. For instance the percentage of first region of sample 1 fluctuate at around 83% which is a close value to the original proportion 81.44%. The first aim of this task is to investigate the ethnicity of the Somerton Man. Therefore, if the project can have several European DNA data, more reliable DNA analysis can be done. Let’s get to 15,000! DNA stores This program was also developed using C++. building and maintaining an organism molecule and a phosphate molecule are All ethnicity reports were recorded, and the change of how the ethnicity proportion changes was also observed. In general, a DNA The quality of Somerton Man's DNA reference file is lower than expected. Eurogenes K13 model is selected as the 'calculator' model. [3] U.S. National Library of Medicine, "What is a chromosome?",U.S. These SNPs can be found nearly once in every 1,000 DNA is a sequence of molecule consisting 4 chemical bases namely Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine that carries the all the information of living things. nucleotides on average in a person's DNA. The format of rsid starts with “rs” and followed by a number (eg. [Accessed: 04- Jun- 2019]. [2] U.S. National Library of Medicine, "What is DNA?",U.S. These changes shows that the proportion of major ethnicity regions would not change greatly when a complete human DNA file is degraded to a level of 2% SNPs remaining. Byron Deveson. As the website shown, the total number of kits managed by GEDmatch database is 1363427157376. This tool was provided by GEDmatch and can generate a report of ethnicity proportions to the given DNA kit. The Harkness years, from 1945 to 1949; The void that was Jessica Harkness; Was the Somerton Man a Dancer ? But the results could take up to a year to process.” I have previously given the reasons why I think that even a very partial DNA sequence should be sufficient to identify relatives of Somerton Man. Then kits with more amount of empty SNPs were replaced with homozygous pairs or random pairs were created, but none of these files could find relative DNA kits in the database. Only a small amount of SNPs in the DNA file are changed could result a significant affect on DNA match results. The man in the photograph does bear a resemblance to the Somerton Man, and would've been 48 when the Somerton Man's body was found- an appropriate age, based on autopsy findings. Note that the top 30 match kits are the kits with largest total centimorgan. Cipher cracking Final Report/Thesis 2018. [Online]. As the figure shown, the program recorded the rsid of SNP that the disease belonged to in rsid column. Part 3- The Somerton Man’s Belongings ... Robin’s DNA. Moreover, another future job can be done by this project is to recover the Somerton Man's DNA data by inserting SNPs that are common among European. Finally! The Somerton Man is an unidentified body from 1948. In addition, if there was no DNA kit that matches with Somerton Man' DNA in the database, recovering more empty SNP's of the Somerton Man's DNA could be a back up plan. Nucleic Acids Research, 42(D1), pp.D980-D985. There are 4 degradation strategies introduced in task 3, therefore 4 sets of false negatives and false positives are provided for analysis. It is necessary to indicate that there are multiple diseases named with 'not specified' or 'not provided' which requires the user to find a detailed description of the disease in Clinvar. All images in the public domain, via … The indignities of an exhumation; DNA, mtDNA, genealogy,mass spectroscopy and nuclear related matters. two strands to form a double helix which than 99% of the bases are common in all human beings, and the physiological Picture Credit: The Taman Shud Mystery Blog, Kate Thompson. Therefore ClinVar Accession column is introduced to collect the ID of the recorded disease. [1] Bineth, J, "Somerton Man: One of Australia's most baffling cold cases could be a step closer to being solved" This Is About, 13 December 2017. Hair was retrieved from the plaster death bust, and DNA was recovered years ago, though the techniques could not reveal much at the time. The results show that Robin even had a cousin who is a direct descendent of Isham Randolph, who was Thomas Jefferson's grandfather. Some of the man's hairs became embedded in the mould, pulling the hair out with the roots pointing upwards. I do not understand how that could confirm anything virtual or otherwise. The ethnicity report of Somerton Man's DNA are shown in Figure 11. This “i” format is used internally by 23andMe to identify the unknown SNP and cannot be used in public database. Only about 2% of 613905 SNPs in the files are available for use. In addition, a degradation process of complete DNA data was done. The program was developed using C++ language. [online] Available at: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Oz6P5-SVEJciPX1TciGe-zoqA5JtOGIMG7nh-rCOj0c/edit#gid=804264822 [Accessed 1 Nov. 2019]. These rsids are commonly used by researchers and databases. When the connection was successfully set up, dbSNP sent back the information of corresponding SNP in JSON format. Then the false positives for this degraded kit are D and E, and the false negatives are kits M and N. A line graphs of the number of false positives and false negatives against the percentage of SNPs removed will be created to show how degradation process effect the match results. To be specific, his ethnicity is about 36.21% North Atlantic and 20.44% Baltic. In this case, false positives would be match kits that are in the degraded kit's match results but not in original kit's result. More details are linked to another database called ClinVar which is a freely accessible, public database that provide medical reports of the relationships among human variants and phenotypes [12]. Figure 19 shows part of the genetic diseases outputs. Was the Somerton Man a Dancer ? In modern society, human identification techniques is useful in multiple aspects, such as criminal investigation or seeking relatives. It is interesting that Clive sees a resemblance to SM in the Scots-Irish actor Stephen Boyd (AKA Millar) because SM’s mtDNA haplogroup is present at significant levels in Ireland. Welcome to the leading, factual blog with a 7 year history of finding new evidence on this Australian Cold Case. Crime SA News. A Gedmatch Admixture Guide!. The risk assessment table are listed below. are obtained from the order of these Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44469/. [Online]. differences among people depends on these 1% DNA. Secret love could be hidden in Somerton Man’s DNA On this weekend 70 years ago, a body was discovered on Somerton Beach, sparking one of the nation's most baffling and enduring mysteries. Also, ethnicity reports of degraded_DNA files for each complete DNA are shown in figure 14 and 15. A tissue and cigarette were found near the body, and a complete DNA profile was compiled from these. This ID linked to the Clinvar database and allow the user to find a detailed medical report about the disease. [6] G. Shaw. Available at: https://genealogical-musings.blogspot.com/2017/04/finally-gedmatch-admixture-guide.html [Accessed 29- Oct- 2019]. Spit in a little tube, mail it in, and wait for the results. The details are shown in the table below. In addition, the reliability of DNA analysis results from a low quality DNA data would be investigated. ... with the closest matches having roots in the Virginia area. The most current identification techniques would require high quality DNA samples, but the project focus on investigating identification techniques based on low quality genetic data. Project Management Budget. DNA can't lie. As an initial test, The University of Adelaide team successfully determined that the Somerton Man's mother belongs to DNA haplogroup H. Atom After the matching process has finished, the one-to-many tool can show how many kits in database match with the kit that the user has uploaded. There are $250 budgets assigned to each member in the project, in which is $500 budgets in total for the project. But if some reliable recovery strategies were introduced which have not been determined yet and allow Somerton Man's DNA to be recovered to more than 60% SNPs, then his relatives may be discovered. rs123456). News Just In. There was no clear clue that can lead to his identity. Disease found that he and his coat ’ s DNA are matched with Somerton Man body. And Rachel Egan is the line graph of the Somerton Man fathered a child and left a legacy. 46 chromosomes in human body 's cell, which is 46 chromosomes in total Baltic. 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